Nepal: Things to Know Before Travelling to Mustang

The Sacred Mustang Region of Nepal has grabbed its rightful place in the 52 Places to Visit in 2024. And, if this isn’t the right time to visit Mustang, then we wonder when. While Mustang lies in one of the remotest areas of Nepal, isolated from waves of modernism and urbanization, it is one of the most sought places in Nepal by tourists. 

Mustang, which means "Plain of Aspiration" in Tibetan, is a region in the Himalayas extending northward onto the Tibetan plateau with elevations ranging from 1,372 to 8,167 meters. It is home to the former Lo Kingdom of Mustang and is surrounded by the Marsyangdi River to the east and the world's deepest gorge, carved out by the Kaligandaki River, to the west.

The Mustang region is rich in Buddhist culture and is similar to the Tibetan people, offering an alternate way to experience their culture. Although trekking is a popular option, one can explore the Mustang region via walking routes, motorcycle trips, Jeep Tours, and Helicopter tours, among many other options. 

For anyone planning a Mustang Trip in 2024/2025, Places Nepal is the complete guide to the Mustang Region of Nepal.

Mustang is a district within Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area that boasts rich natural beauty and cultural heritage. The district's headquarters, Jomsom, covers an area of 3,573 square kilometers and falls under the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) jurisdiction. ACAP, development programs, and tourism management are crucial in preserving this unique region's natural and cultural resources. 

Mustang's Climate: A Tapestry of Extremes

The climate of the Mustang is a fascinating study of contrasts. Its arid valleys are filled with vibrant rock formations and vast high-altitude deserts. The region experiences an average annual rainfall of less than 260 mm at Jomsom in the Lower Mustang. Although spring and autumn are generally dry, some precipitation is brought by the summer monsoons, which averaged 133 mm at Jomsom between 1973 and 2000.

The mean minimum monthly air temperature falls to -2.7 °C in winter, while the maximum monthly air temperature reaches 23.1 °C in summer. There are significant diurnal and annual variations in temperature. Only about 1% of the total land area, approximately 40.3 square kilometers, is cultivated, while 40% or 1,477 square kilometers is pasture land.

Biodiversity in Mustang: A Treasure Trove

The district is a hotspot for trans-Himalayan biodiversity. The Mustang region of Nepal is home to many species of flora and faunas, including zooplankton, nematodes, mollusks, insects, amphibians, lizards, snakes, birds, and mammals. Notable wildlife includes snow leopards, musk deer, Tibetan wild asses, and Tibetan gazelles. 

The plant life is equally impressive, with many species having medicinal and economic value, utilized by locals for various purposes. Most of these are used as medicinal herbs. 

Vegetation: From Steppes to Alpine Shrubs

Forest covers only 3.24% of Mustang's total landmass, with limited coverage in Upper Mustang beyond Jomsom. Mustang's vegetation ranges from steppe-type grasslands with scrubs to mixed broad-leaved forests featuring rhododendrons, pines, and acers. Higher elevations boast unique species like Rhododendron anthopogon, while forest cover dwindles in the alpine areas of Upper Mustang.

Mustang is most famous for its apples. Thanks to its unique topographical placement, the Mustang region is one of the largest apple producers of the country. Many tourists visit Mustang during the apple season; for Marpha, it is a traditional apple brandy. 

Historical Mustang: A Blend of Legend and Fact

Mustang's history is a rich tapestry of legends and factual events. Once part of Tibet's Ngari region, it was later absorbed into the Malla Empire. Its strategic location made it a key trade conduit between the Himalayas and India from the 15th to 17th centuries. In 1380, Lo Manthang emerged as an independent kingdom. The district eventually became part of unified Nepal under King Prithvi Narayan Shah.

While the Kingdom did have a suzerainty status up until 2008, with the abolishment of the Monarchy, it lost its status. It is now restricted to foreign travelers; tourism to the region is still strictly restricted and hard to access. 

Mustang's Attractions: Ancient Temples and Mystical Caves

Mustang has something for everybody, whether you are a religious tourist, an adventurer, or a travel enthusiast. Mustang is home to many such monuments and attractions such as Muktinath Temple, Marpha Village, and Sky Caves. Some of the most popular destinations in the Mustang region of Nepal are listed below:

Muktinath Temple: A Sacred Oasis of Spiritual Tranquility

Situated amidst the rugged landscapes of Mustang, the Muktinath Temple stands as a serene oasis of spiritual tranquility. At an elevation of 3,710 meters, this ancient Hindu temple holds profound significance for devotees. Known as "Mukti Kshetra" or the "place of liberation" in Hinduism, it beckons pilgrims from afar. The temple's outer courtyard has 108 bull-faced water taps, and pilgrims, regardless of the chilling temperatures, undertake a sacred ritual of cleansing.

For Buddhists, this site is equally revered, as Guru Rinpoche, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism, meditated here on his journey to Tibet. The Muktinath Temple transcends religious boundaries, offering a profound sense of peace and spiritual connection in the midst of Mustang's rugged terrain.

Lo Manthang

A timeless citadel of royal grandeur, Lo Manthang, a rural municipality located in the heart of Mustang, is an embodiment of a bygone era of royal grandeur. Its ancient royal palace, built approximately 600 years ago, is a majestic nine-cornered, five-story structure. Despite enduring the tremors of the devastating earthquake in 2015, the palace's regal charm remains intact. The town boasts towering whitewashed mud-brick walls that create an ambiance of timelessness.

Four remarkable temples, including Jampa Lhakhang, Thubechen Gompa, Chodey Gompa, and Choprang Gompa, are cherished landmarks that whisper tales of spirituality and cultural richness. Lo Manthang offers visitors a unique opportunity to step back in time and immerse themselves in its captivating history.

Sky Caves: Enigmatic Marvels Carved in Stone

The sky caves of Mustang are fascinating wonders carved into the rocky cliffsides of this mystical region. Within these caves, archaeologists and researchers have discovered a wealth of history, including human bodies and skeletons dating back 2,000 to 3,000 years.

The caves have also revealed Buddhist paintings, manuscripts, sculptures, and artifacts from the 12th to the 14th century, offering a glimpse into the past. In 2007, the world was left in awe when a shepherd discovered 55 cave paintings depicting the life of Buddha. These remarkable caves, with their intriguing architecture and remote locations, continue to captivate and amaze.

Jomsom: A Picturesque Gateway to Adventure

Jomsom is a beautiful town located at an altitude of 2,700 meters in the heart of Mustang. It serves as a picturesque gateway to adventure and is known as "Dzong-Sampa" or "New Fort." Jomsom is a hub for tourists embarking on their Mustang exploration. The town has its own airport, facilitating domestic flights from Pokhara and making it easily accessible to travelers.

Jomsom offers panoramic views of majestic mountains like Dhaulagiri and Nilgiri. Its surroundings encompass diverse landscapes, from enchanting rhododendron forests to rugged cliffs and arid deserts. Jomsom is a vibrant fusion of Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist cultures, offering a warm welcome to those seeking to discover the wonders of Mustang.

Marpha Village: 

A quaint oasis of hospitality and culture, Marpha Village is a charming and peaceful oasis located in the heart of the Mustang region. The village is well-known for its apple orchards, producing high-quality apples and apple products in Nepal. As you stroll through the cobbled streets of the village, you can smell the aroma of freshly baked apple pies and local delicacies, inviting you to indulge in the flavors of the region.

Marpha's traditional stone houses and warm and hospitable residents provide an insight into the rich culture of Mustang, making it a must-visit destination for those seeking an authentic Himalayan experience.

Trekking Permits & Fees Mustang Region

For those planning to trek in the Upper Mustang region of Nepal, it's important to note that entry permits are required and cost a certain amount, which is valid for 10 days. The Upper Mustang entry permit fees are 500 USD and are valid for 10 days. Trekkers must pay an additional 50 USD per day after the 10-day period for trekking inside the region.

The Upper Mustang region is located above Kagbeni Village, where officials will check the permit at the entry and exit points. Additionally, the region below Kagbeni falls under the Annapurna Conservation Area, so an ACAP permit is also required for trekking in the Upper Mustang. The required permits for trekking in the Upper Mustang region include both the ACAP and RAP permits. 

While trekking in Nepal, except in the Everest region, TIMS permits are also required from the government of Nepal. However, if you have a restricted area permit for the region you are traveling to, you don't need to obtain a TIMS permit. But if you plan to continue your trek to Ghorepani, Annapurna Circuit Treks, or other areas, you must obtain a TIMS permit in addition to the Upper Mustang entry permits.

Experience Culture & Tradition of Mustang

Upper Mustang is a region renowned for its rich Buddhist culture, which is similar to that of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. It provides visitors with an alternative way to experience the Tibetan culture and landscapes, distinct from the tours offered by the Chinese government. One of the most popular events for tourists in the area is the Tiji festival, which is celebrated in Lo-Manthang and provides an opportunity to experience the native culture.

The people of Upper Mustang are primarily Buddhists, and their religion plays a significant role in their daily lives. The population is made up of a mix of different ethnic groups, including the Gurung, Thakali, and Lopa. The Lopa, who are the indigenous inhabitants of Mustang, have their own unique culture and language. They are recognized for their strong commitment to their traditions and customs, which have been handed down from generation to generation. The people of Mustang are friendly and hospitable, and visitors are often invited to participate in their daily activities, such as farming and cooking.

When is the Best Time to Visit Mustang?

The ideal time to visit the Mustang Region in Nepal depends on your preferences and what you'd like to experience. However, the most popular and recommended seasons to explore this culturally rich area are spring and autumn. Spring, which spans from March to May, offers pleasant weather with blooming rhododendron forests and clear skies. This is an excellent time for trekking and enjoying vibrant local festivals.

Autumn, from September to November, is another excellent choice, featuring crisp and clear days, making it perfect for trekking and witnessing the region's stunning landscapes. These seasons avoid the monsoon rains and harsh winter cold that can affect travel at other times of the year. For precise weather conditions and up-to-date information, it's advisable to consult reputable travel guides or agencies like Places Nepal, which offer the best travel packages.

What is the best way to travel to Mustang?

Traveling to Mustang offers various options, each with its own unique experiences and considerations:

Mustang Trekking

Trekking is a popular method to explore Mustang while immersing oneself in its natural beauty and culture. The trek usually begins from either Pokhara or Jomsom and follows the Annapurna Circuit before entering the Mustang Region. This journey helps you gradually get used to the altitude and witness the diverse landscapes.

Depending on your starting point and pace, the trek can take anywhere from 10 to 18 days. It's crucial to obtain the necessary permits and prepare yourself physically for long walks at high altitudes.

Mustang Motorcycle Tour

If you are looking for an adventurous and thrilling way to explore Mustang, consider going on a motorcycle tour. You can rent a motorcycle in Kathmandu or Pokhara and take a scenic ride through the Annapurna region to reach Mustang. However, please note that the roads in Mustang can be challenging, especially in the Upper Mustang area where the terrain is rough and the weather is unpredictable. To ensure your safety, make sure you have a valid motorcycle license and obtain all necessary permits. Also, take the necessary precautions to stay safe during your ride.

Mustang Jeep Tour:

If you're looking for a comfortable and convenient way to explore Mustang, you might consider opting for a jeep tour. These tours are ideal for travelers with limited time or physical constraints. You can start your tour from either Pokhara or Kathmandu and enjoy a thrilling ride through Mustang's challenging terrain.

Experienced local drivers will guide you through the region's rugged roads. This mode of travel is perfect for those who want to explore Mustang's highlights without the physical demands of trekking.

Mustang Helicopter Tour: 

If you're looking for an extraordinary and opulent experience, you should definitely consider taking a helicopter tour to Mustang. This option will provide you with an opportunity to observe the awe-inspiring landscapes from the sky and touch down at important sites. Although helicopter tours are shorter in duration, they offer a panoramic view of the region's magnificent beauty. Keep in mind that they are considerably more expensive compared to other modes of transportation and require advance booking.

For anyone planning a trip to an oasis at the top of the world, please feel free to contact Places Nepal.